{"id":639,"date":"2022-01-01T17:04:31","date_gmt":"2022-01-01T16:04:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=639"},"modified":"2022-02-20T15:16:11","modified_gmt":"2022-02-20T14:16:11","slug":"xerophytes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=639","title":{"rendered":"Xerophytes"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"639\" class=\"elementor elementor-639\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6a244c62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6a244c62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-689b7830\" data-id=\"689b7830\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b637152 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b637152\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" align=\"center\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 13.5pt; color: navy;\">Xerophytes<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\">They are plants adapted to life in environments in which water availability is reduced or very low: dry and hot climates or cold countries such as desert, tundra, ice- or snow-covered regions and saline soil in border of oceans.\nAmong groups of xerophytic plants, they are <b>succulen<\/b>t and <b>non \u2013 succulent perennials<\/b> which show a different strategy to survive in dry environment: the first ones will adapt by storing available water in organs and the second by preventing water loss.\nBoth categories develop morphological and anatomical adaptations to decrease loss of water by transpiration and to increase water absorption by the root system. They exhibit a variety of adaptive features or xeromorphic traits.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\">Ephemeral annuals<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\"> are another category of xerophytes. They complete their live cycles within a very short period. To escape drought, they survive critical periods as seeds which will germinate immediately in response to rain.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\">Non-succulent perennials<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: #404040;\">\n<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\">They are drought &#8211; enduring resistant plants which are able to support extreme dry conditions in the aerial environment as well as in the soil for long periods. They are considered as true xerophytes and they possess a number of morphological adaptations to reduce loss of water by transpiration: reduction of leaf surface (dwarfism, leaf curl) or replacement of the leaf by the stem. Other adaptations are developed to favor water capture by the roots: extensive root system in surface when water is limited to the surface layer, as in desert plants, or development of a large and deeply penetrating root system, called intensive root system, to have access to water table. Some plants will develop both extensive and intensive roots.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\">Different anatomical adaptations are observed at the leaf level: thick and waxy cuticle (for reflection of heat and radiations); high density of trichomes to keep humidity, hypodermis to protect mesophyll which is generally compact. The stomata, which are essential for gas exchanges, show one or several adaptations: reduced density, presence only on lower face of the leaf, closing during short periods of the day, hidden in crypts.\nFinally leaves generally contain more lignified tissues to for higher impermeability and resistance of aerial parts of the plants to wind for plants living in border of oceans.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\">Example on this website<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\">\u00a0:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=1817\"><span style=\"mso-color-alt: windowtext;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">Oleander<\/span><\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\">\u00a0(<em>Nerium oleander<\/em>);\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=1766\"><span style=\"mso-color-alt: windowtext;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">Marram grass<\/span><\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\">\u00a0(<em>Psamma arenaria<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\">Succulent\n<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\">They store water in aerial parts of the plants either stems (stem succulence) or leaves (foliar succulence). \u00a0Some plants such as <i>Crassula<\/i>, exhibit both foliar and stem succulence. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\">Succulents show a particular morphology: their aerial organs most often exhibit a high volume for a minimal surface (cylindrical shape), fleshy leaves, small leaves or leaves modified in spines or scales. In cactus leaves are replaced by spines for a maximal protection and to discourage animals from eating them for water.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\">The root system of succulents is adapted to problems of water supply. They have shallow roots to capture surface water i.e., moisture from rain, condensation, and dew. \u00a0In addition, they also have extremely long roots which penetrate deep into the soil to reach and capture water table. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\">At anatomical level succulent leaves exhibit characteristics like those of non- succulent perennials: a thick cuticle, crypts to protect stomata, abundance of lignified tissues, particular cells called bulliform cells to enroll the leaves and aqueous parenchyma in which water is stored in vacuoles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\">Example on this website <\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\">:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=2141\"><span style=\"mso-color-alt: windowtext;\"><i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">Aloe Arborescent<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: navy;\">;\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=2459\"><span style=\"mso-color-alt: windowtext;\"><i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">Agave parrassana<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Xerophytes They are plants adapted to life in environments in which water availability is reduced or very low: dry and hot climates or cold countries such as desert, tundra, ice- or snow-covered regions and saline soil in border of oceans. Among groups of xerophytic plants, they are succulent and non \u2013 succulent perennials which show [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-639","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Xerophytes - Mich\u00e8le Cr\u00e8vecoeur<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=639\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Xerophytes - Mich\u00e8le Cr\u00e8vecoeur\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Xerophytes They are plants adapted to life in environments in which water availability is reduced or very low: dry and hot climates or cold countries such as desert, tundra, ice- or snow-covered regions and saline soil in border of oceans. Among groups of xerophytic plants, they are succulent and non \u2013 succulent perennials which show [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=639\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Mich\u00e8le Cr\u00e8vecoeur\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-02-20T14:16:11+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\\\/?page_id=639\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\\\/?page_id=639\",\"name\":\"Xerophytes - Mich\u00e8le Cr\u00e8vecoeur\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2022-01-01T16:04:31+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-02-20T14:16:11+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\\\/?page_id=639#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\\\/?page_id=639\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\\\/?page_id=639#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Accueil\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Xerophytes\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\\\/\",\"name\":\"Mich\u00e8le Cr\u00e8vecoeur\",\"description\":\"Plant Microscopy\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/dfdf9ef4c6d746dfdecdceb6e2986d66\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/dfdf9ef4c6d746dfdecdceb6e2986d66\",\"name\":\"Mich\u00e8le\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/5ad72d9990ca501b7348a22de838f81a21f31163f3372e910adcb88b005c4cca?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/5ad72d9990ca501b7348a22de838f81a21f31163f3372e910adcb88b005c4cca?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/5ad72d9990ca501b7348a22de838f81a21f31163f3372e910adcb88b005c4cca?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Mich\u00e8le\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/5ad72d9990ca501b7348a22de838f81a21f31163f3372e910adcb88b005c4cca?s=96&d=mm&r=g\"},\"sameAs\":[\"http:\\\/\\\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Xerophytes - Mich\u00e8le Cr\u00e8vecoeur","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=639","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Xerophytes - Mich\u00e8le Cr\u00e8vecoeur","og_description":"Xerophytes They are plants adapted to life in environments in which water availability is reduced or very low: dry and hot climates or cold countries such as desert, tundra, ice- or snow-covered regions and saline soil in border of oceans. Among groups of xerophytic plants, they are succulent and non \u2013 succulent perennials which show [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=639","og_site_name":"Mich\u00e8le Cr\u00e8vecoeur","article_modified_time":"2022-02-20T14:16:11+00:00","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=639","url":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=639","name":"Xerophytes - Mich\u00e8le Cr\u00e8vecoeur","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/#website"},"datePublished":"2022-01-01T16:04:31+00:00","dateModified":"2022-02-20T14:16:11+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=639#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=639"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=639#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Accueil","item":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Xerophytes"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/#website","url":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/","name":"Mich\u00e8le Cr\u00e8vecoeur","description":"Plant Microscopy","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/#\/schema\/person\/dfdf9ef4c6d746dfdecdceb6e2986d66"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/#\/schema\/person\/dfdf9ef4c6d746dfdecdceb6e2986d66","name":"Mich\u00e8le","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5ad72d9990ca501b7348a22de838f81a21f31163f3372e910adcb88b005c4cca?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5ad72d9990ca501b7348a22de838f81a21f31163f3372e910adcb88b005c4cca?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5ad72d9990ca501b7348a22de838f81a21f31163f3372e910adcb88b005c4cca?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Mich\u00e8le"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5ad72d9990ca501b7348a22de838f81a21f31163f3372e910adcb88b005c4cca?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/639","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=639"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/639\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3067,"href":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/639\/revisions\/3067"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=639"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}