{"id":2327,"date":"2022-02-07T11:21:10","date_gmt":"2022-02-07T10:21:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=2327"},"modified":"2022-02-20T15:13:31","modified_gmt":"2022-02-20T14:13:31","slug":"conductive-tissues","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=2327","title":{"rendered":"Conductive tissues"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2327\" class=\"elementor elementor-2327\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6945961a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6945961a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1d7780e2\" data-id=\"1d7780e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a35b223 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a35b223\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"239\" src=\"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/conductive-tissues.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2330\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/conductive-tissues.jpg 750w, https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/conductive-tissues-300x96.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-15f494bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"15f494bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-77d22c82\" data-id=\"77d22c82\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-755dfe2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"755dfe2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" align=\"center\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: navy;\">Primary conductive tissues: xylem and phloem<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: #404040;\">Angiosperms have developed vascular tissues for the long-distance transport of water, organic and inorganic substances between aerial parts (leaves, stems) and undergrounds (roots) parts of the plant. With the development of cuticle and lignification it consists in another element of the conquest of terrestrial environment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: #404040;\">The primary vascular tissues are xylem and phloem. Xylem is the transport system for water and minerals and phloem is the transport system of photosynthates (sugars produced through photosynthesis). There are complex tissues consisting of different types, conducting and no conducting. Xylem and phloem are located to each other within vascular bundles. They are described here after and illustrated on another page with light micrographs of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=2346\"><span style=\"mso-color-alt: windowtext;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration-line: none;\">longitudinal<\/span><\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: #404040;\"> sections.\nTheir distribution relative to each other varies according to the organ, root or stem, and also differs in monocot and dicots as illustrated by micrographs of cross section in young different <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=2682\"><span style=\"mso-color-alt: windowtext;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">roots<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><strong> <span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: #404040; font-weight: normal;\">and<\/span><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=2696\"><span style=\"mso-color-alt: windowtext;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">stems<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: #404040;\">. <\/span><\/a><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: #404040; font-weight: normal;\">T<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #444444; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">here are also differences in the same organ (for instance, leaves) of different species.<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: #404040;\">\n<!-- [if !supportLineBreakNewLine]-->\n<!--[endif]--><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" align=\"center\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: navy;\">Xylem conducting tissue of raw sap.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: #404040;\">Conductive elements of xylem are tracheids or tracheary elements and vessels.\n&#8211; Tracheary elements are elongated fusiform cells, ~ 10 \u00b5m wide and they constitute the main conducting cells in gymnosperms and ferns. They are relatively rare in angiosperms.\n&#8211;\u00a0Vessels are generally less fusiform and shorter than tracheid\u2019s but they are larger (100 \u00b5m) and much more efficient in transport of water and minerals (higher speed and higher amounts). They are the main conducting cells of Angiosperms, and they are superposed and joined longitudinally to one other to form tubes whose length may vary from a few centimeters to several meters in trees.\nWalls of tracheids and vessels are characterized by lignified walls, secondary walls with lignin a complex phenolic material filling the spaces in the cell wall between cellulose, hemicellulose and pectins. Lignin forms a 3D network and provides rigidity and impermeability to tissues enabling long distance water transport of water in xylem. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: #404040;\">Based on lignification levels and pits, there are different types of xylem conducting cells:\n&#8211; Tracheids: are the fundamental cell types in the xylem. They are dead at maturity and their walls contain pits. The most common patterns of secondary lignified walls are annular, spiral, scalariform, reticulate and pitted, the most advanced type. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: #404040;\">\u00a0-Vessels are the second category of xylem conducting elements and they are also dead at maturity. The most common patterns of secondary cell wall thickenings are annular, spiral, reticular and pitted. Vessel elements develop openings in their end walls that lack both primary and secondary cell walls. These openings, called perforation plates, can be of several types. Two or more vessel elements join end to end to form a vessel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: #404040;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" align=\"center\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 13.5pt; color: navy;\">Phloem the conducting tissue of photosynthates (elaborated sieve) <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 11.25pt 0cm; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; color: #404040;\">This tissue as xylem is a complex tissue consisting of several cell types: conducting and non-conducting.\nConducting elements are sieve cells and sieve tubes members (elements). A sieve tube is formed by superposition end to end of sieve tube members. Sieve tube elements are separated by sieve plates which have open pores to facilitate the movement of photosynthates along the sieve tube.\nAt maturity the conducting cells\/elements have cellulosic walls and are alive: they lack a nucleus; their plasma membrane is preserved, and they contain plastids and mitochondria.\nVarious types of parenchyma cells among which specialized cells called companion cells are associated to phloem sieve tubes as well as fibers as support for this tissue. Companion cells are linked via plasmodesmata to phloem sieve These parenchymatous cells are smaller and narrower than sieve tubes. They have dense cytoplasm, large well differentiated nuclei, small vacuoles, and they are related to adjacent sieve tubes by multiple plasmodesmata tubes (1, 2 or 3 cc \/phloem sieve element). The function of companion cells is to shift sugar and amino acids in and out of the sieve elements. They are also essential in case of damaging of sieve tubes.\n<\/span><span style=\"color: #404040; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;\">\nSieve tubes are essential to distribute nutriments from source organs site of food production (leaves) toward sink organs in which food I stored for later use, for coordination of development via hormones and for long distance transport of biotic (virus, pathogens) and abiotic (external factors such as heat, cold, salinity) signals.cond<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Primary conductive tissues: xylem and phloem Angiosperms have developed vascular tissues for the long-distance transport of water, organic and inorganic substances between aerial parts (leaves, stems) and undergrounds (roots) parts of the plant. With the development of cuticle and lignification it consists in another element of the conquest of terrestrial environment. The primary vascular tissues [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2327","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Conductive tissues - Mich\u00e8le Cr\u00e8vecoeur<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/michelecrevecoeur.ch\/?page_id=2327\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Conductive tissues - Mich\u00e8le Cr\u00e8vecoeur\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Primary conductive tissues: xylem and phloem Angiosperms have developed vascular tissues for the long-distance transport of water, organic and inorganic substances between aerial parts (leaves, stems) and undergrounds (roots) parts of the plant. With the development of cuticle and lignification it consists in another element of the conquest of terrestrial environment. 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With the development of cuticle and lignification it consists in another element of the conquest of terrestrial environment. 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